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Vocabulary Idioms Grammar Reading Listening Speaking & Writing

Section 1

Teacher's Lesson Plan

Confidential

Lesson Overview

Format

Classified Lecture — King's College London, Department of War Studies. Sir David Marsh, retired Chief of Station for MI6 (1978–2003), delivers a guest lecture on human intelligence, espionage ethics, and the geopolitics of betrayal. He speaks about what intelligence work actually involves — the gap between fiction and reality, the moral weight of running agents, the question of what states owe the people who risk everything for them, and whether the surveillance state has made human intelligence obsolete or irreplaceable. The lecture is followed by a Q&A with students.

Level

C1–C2

Duration

90 minutes

Skills

Vocabulary · Idioms · Grammar · Reading · Listening · Speaking · Writing

Grammar

G1 — Passive Reporting · G2 — Mixed Conditionals · G3 — Cleft Sentences
G4 — Concession · G5 — Subjunctive · G6 — Inversion

Vocabulary

12 words (C1–C2): clandestine · surveillance · defector · counterintelligence · operative · exfiltrate · covert · intelligence · handler · allegiance · infiltrate · decrypt

Idioms (8): come in from the cold · blow someone's cover · turn a blind eye · a double-edged sword · walk a tightrope · go to ground · keep your cards close to your chest · play both sides

Materials

Student Handouts 1–6 (printed); whiteboard

Background — Content for the Teacher

Key Historical Context

The Cambridge Five: Kim Philby, Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt, John Cairncross — five British intelligence officers recruited as Soviet agents while students at Cambridge in the 1930s. They passed secrets to Moscow for decades before being unmasked. Philby escaped to Moscow in 1963. The betrayal represented arguably the most damaging penetration of Western intelligence in history.

Aldrich Ames / Robert Hanssen: CIA officer (1994) and FBI agent (2001) respectively, both convicted of selling intelligence to the Soviet Union/Russia for years. Hanssen is considered the most damaging spy in US history.

The ethics of espionage: Most nations operate intelligence services that conduct activities — surveillance of allies, covert influence operations, exfiltration of agents — that would be illegal if done by any private actor. The tension between democratic accountability and operational secrecy is unresolved in every democracy.

Key Grammar — Teaching Notes

G1 — Passive Reporting: essential for unverifiable intelligence claims

The intelligence world is the natural home of passive reporting — almost everything is alleged, denied, or disputed:
It is alleged that the defector had been working for both services simultaneously.
The operation is said to have been compromised six months before the arrests.
It has been reported that the handler was given forty-eight hours to leave the country.
The mole is believed to have passed thousands of documents before detection.

G2 — Mixed Conditionals: history and its present consequences

If the Cambridge Five hadn't been recruited in the 1930s, Cold War Western intelligence might be in a very different position today.
If Aldrich Ames hadn't sold those names to Moscow, those agents might still be alive.
If the surveillance programmes of the 2000s hadn't been exposed by Snowden, the debate about digital intelligence might not exist in its current form.

G3 — Cleft Sentences: analytical precision in intelligence discourse

It is not the agent who takes the risk — it is the handler who carries the weight of it.
It was not ideology but money that motivated most Cold War defectors.
What intelligence agencies fear most is not the enemy outside but the mole within.
What Philby understood was that loyalty to an ideology could outlast loyalty to a country.

G5 — Subjunctive: institutional and operational demands

It is imperative that the identity of every source be protected, regardless of the intelligence value of their information.
The service demanded that all communications be encrypted before transmission.
It is essential that the committee be informed before any exfiltration operation proceed.

Lesson Procedure

Time

Stage

Skill

Teacher does

Students do

0–8 min

Lead-in

Speaking

Board: "What do you know about real espionage? Name one real spy case." Take answers. Then: "We romanticise spies. James Bond has never existed. What has?" Ask what students think the reality of intelligence work involves.

Name real cases. Discuss the gap between fiction and reality.

8–20 min

Vocabulary + Idioms

—

12 C1-C2 words. Then idioms: concept-check each one. Part B gap-fill for vocabulary; Part C idiom matching and gap-fill.

Read + self-test. Idiom matching. Gap-fill both sections.

20–46 min

Grammar

—

G1–G6 through espionage context. All six cards + exercises 1–5. Board examples from the lecture context throughout.

Study cards. Exercises 1–5. Pair-check.

46–58 min

Reading

Sir David Marsh's lecture transcript. Gist: "What is Sir David's central argument about human intelligence vs digital surveillance?" Tasks 1–2.

Read lecture. Label G1–G6 + idioms. Q+A. T/F/NG.

58–70 min

Listening

Q&A session — students ask Sir David about the Cambridge Five, the ethics of betrayal, and the future of intelligence. Read TWICE.

MCQ. Notes. Grammar + idiom hunt.

70–82 min

Speaking

Ethics of espionage debate + "ethical intelligence officer" simulation. Monitor all 6 structures + idiom use.

Debate. Role-play. Discussion.

80–90 min

Writing

120–150 words. Position paper, analytical essay, or intelligence briefing. All 6 structures + 3 idioms required.

Write. Self-check.

Listening Script — Q&A: 'The Weight of Secrets'

Read at a measured C1 pace. Sir David speaks carefully, with occasional pauses — the voice of a man who has spent a career choosing his words precisely. Do not show to students.

Student 1:

Sir David, you have spoken about the gap between fictional and real intelligence work. But isn't there something the fiction gets right — the loneliness of it?

Sir David:

It is said that every intelligence officer eventually learns to keep their cards close to their chest — not just professionally, but personally. You cannot compartmentalise your working life without compartmentalising everything else. The loneliness is real, yes. What fiction gets wrong is the glamour. What it occasionally gets right is the isolation. I have never met a long-serving intelligence officer who did not, at some point, wish they could come in from the cold. Not retire — simply… stop performing.

Student 2:

What about the Cambridge Five? If they hadn't been recruited, would Western intelligence have looked so different?

Sir David:

If the Cambridge Five had never been recruited, the institutional damage would not exist in the way it does today. It is alleged that Philby personally oversaw the betrayal of hundreds of agents — men and women who went to ground believing they were protected, only to be handed to the NKVD. What Philby understood — and what we still find difficult to accept — is that ideology can trump allegiance to country, to service, to individuals. Never before had a single mole caused such structural damage to an entire alliance. It is imperative that every intelligence service draw the lesson: the greatest threat is not the enemy you face but the handler who has turned. Despite all the counterintelligence reforms that followed, the question of how to identify loyalty before it is tested remains unanswered.

Student 3:

Is surveillance a double-edged sword? Digital intelligence seems to offer everything HUMINT can't — scale, speed, deniability.

Sir David:

It is a double-edged sword, precisely. Surveillance at scale gives you pattern. It does not give you intention. A human source — an agent walking a tightrope between two loyalties — can tell you what a minister said over dinner on Tuesday. No algorithm can do that. Not only does digital intelligence fail to replicate human judgment, but it also creates a false confidence: the belief that if you collect everything, you understand everything. Rarely has that belief proven correct. The future of intelligence is not a choice between digital and human — it is the integration of both, conducted under legal frameworks that, I confess, are not yet adequate to the task.

All 6 structures + idioms in the Q&A:
· G1: It is said that every officer learns to keep their cards close to their chest / It is alleged that Philby personally oversaw the betrayal
· G2: If the Cambridge Five had never been recruited, the damage would not exist in the way it does today
· G3: What fiction gets wrong is the glamour / What Philby understood is that ideology can trump allegiance / It is not the enemy you face but the handler who has turned
· G4: Despite all the counterintelligence reforms that followed, the question remains unanswered
· G5: It is imperative that every intelligence service draw the lesson
· G6: Never before had a single mole caused such structural damage / Not only does digital intelligence fail to replicate human judgment, but it also creates false confidence / Rarely has that belief proven correct
· Idioms: keep their cards close to their chest · come in from the cold · went to ground · a double-edged sword · walking a tightrope

Answer Key

Handout 1 — Vocabulary

1. clandestine 2. surveillance 3. defector 4. counterintelligence 5. covert 6. handler 7. operative 8. allegiance 9. infiltrate 10. exfiltrate 11. intelligence 12. decrypt

Handout 2 — Idioms

Matching: 1-e 2-a 3-g 4-b 5-h 6-d 7-c 8-f

Gap-fill: 1. come in from the cold 2. walk a tightrope 3. blow her cover 4. kept his cards close to his chest 5. go to ground 6. turned a blind eye 7. double-edged sword 8. playing both sides

Handout 3 — Grammar

Ex 1 (label G1–G6): 1-G6 2-G1 3-G4 4-G3 5-G5 6-G2 7-G3 8-G6 9-G4 10-G5

Ex 2 (rewrite): 1. It is alleged that the defector had been working for both services / The defector is alleged to have been working for both services (G1) 2. Not only does surveillance provide scale, but it also creates a false sense of security (G6) 3. It was Kim Philby who caused the most devastating intelligence betrayal of the Cold War / What Philby caused was not merely a defection but the destruction of an entire network (G3) 4. It is essential that every source be protected / that no name be disclosed without authorisation (G5) 5. If Aldrich Ames hadn't sold those names to Moscow, those agents might still be alive today (G2)

Ex 3 (concession): 1. Despite / In spite of 2. Even though / Although / While 3. Nevertheless / Nonetheless 4. While / Although 5. despite / in spite of

Ex 4 (subjunctive errors): 1. BE protected 2. the operation BE authorised 3. all personnel BE briefed 4. the exfiltration PROCEED 5. the committee BE informed

Ex 5 (inversion): 1. Rarely has a defection caused such structural damage to an entire intelligence alliance. 2. Not only does surveillance at scale provide pattern data, but it also creates the illusion that pattern constitutes understanding. 3. Never before had a mole operated at such seniority for so long without detection. 4. So deeply is the question of loyalty embedded in intelligence culture that no service has yet devised a reliable test for it. 5. Not until the defector reached safety in London did the full extent of the compromise become apparent.

Handouts 4 + 5

Reading T/F/NG: 1 T 2 F (Sir David says it was ideology, not grievance, that primarily motivated the Cambridge Five) 3 T 4 NG 5 T

Listening Task 1: 1-C 2-A 3-B

Task 2: (1) keep their cards close / compartmentalise / loneliness (2) glamour / isolation (3) ideology / allegiance / hundreds of agents / NKVD (4) pattern not intention / minister's dinner / no algorithm (5) integration / legal frameworks not adequate

Life as a Spy

Student Handouts — Intelligence, Betrayal and Statecraft · C1–C2

Name:

Date:

Class:

Handout 1

Vocabulary

Part A — Key Words (C1–C2)

Word

What it means

clandestine

done in secret, often for illegitimate reasons — the clandestine meeting took place in a car park on the outskirts of Vienna

surveillance

close observation of a person, group or situation, especially by intelligence services — he was placed under round-the-clock surveillance the moment he entered the country

defector

a person who abandons their country or allegiance to join an opposing side — the defector brought seventeen rolls of microfilm concealed inside a hollowed-out paperback novel

counterintelligence

the activity of preventing enemy intelligence services from gathering information — the counterintelligence review concluded that the service had been penetrated at the highest level

operative

a person engaged in intelligence or covert activities — the operative was instructed to make no contact with the embassy under any circumstances

exfiltrate

to extract a person secretly from a dangerous situation — the plan was to exfiltrate the agent via the Finnish border before the arrests began

covert

not openly acknowledged; secret — covert operations are by definition those that the authorising government can plausibly deny

intelligence

information of political or military value gathered by a state — in this context, not raw data but processed, assessed information: what it means, not merely what it says

handler

an intelligence officer who manages and directs an agent or source — the handler met the source every three weeks in a different city

allegiance

loyalty or commitment to a person, group or cause — the question of where his ultimate allegiance lay was never conclusively resolved

infiltrate

to enter an organisation or place secretly in order to gather information — the service spent three years attempting to infiltrate the cell without success

decrypt

to convert coded or encrypted information into intelligible form — it took the analysts six weeks to decrypt the final batch of intercepted messages

Part B — Fill in the Gaps

Use the words from Part A.

1.The two officers held a __________________ meeting in a Vienna café — no written record, no cover story, and no witnesses.

2.The suspect was placed under continuous __________________ — his phone was tapped, his flat monitored, and his contacts logged.

3.The __________________ arrived at the British embassy in Moscow claiming to carry proof that the Soviet Politburo had authorised the assassination.

4.The __________________ review concluded that a mole had been operating within the service for at least a decade.

5.The operation was __________________ from the start — no minister would acknowledge it, and no document would confirm it had ever been authorised.

6.The __________________ made a fatal error: he used the same café for three consecutive meetings, allowing the opposition to identify and photograph him.

7.The __________________ had been operating under deep cover for seven years — his colleagues at the embassy believed he was a trade attaché.

8.His __________________ shifted gradually over thirty years: from patriotism to ideology to, in the end, simple financial desperation.

9.Three attempts to __________________ the network had failed — each time, the cell appeared to know in advance that an approach had been made.

10.The decision to __________________ the agent was made at the highest level — by the time the order arrived, he had already been arrested.

11.Raw data is not __________________ — it must be assessed, contextualised, and verified before it has any operational value.

12.It took GCHQ analysts eighteen months to fully __________________ the archive of messages recovered from the safe house.

Handout 2

Idioms

Part A — Eight Espionage Idioms

These idioms come from — or are frequently used in — the world of intelligence and international relations. All are common in C1–C2 academic, political and journalistic writing.

come in from the cold

to return to safety or acceptance after a period of isolation, danger or rejection

"After twenty years under deep cover, the operative finally came in from the cold — only to find that no one remembered why he had been sent out."

blow someone's cover

to accidentally or deliberately reveal someone's true identity or purpose

"A single careless phone call blew her cover and forced the entire network to go dark within hours."

turn a blind eye (to)

to deliberately ignore something you know to be wrong or illegal

"For years, certain governments turned a blind eye to the activities of intelligence services operating on their soil."

a double-edged sword

something that has both advantages and serious disadvantages

"Mass surveillance is a double-edged sword: it provides scale, but it also generates the false confidence that collecting everything constitutes understanding everything."

walk a tightrope

to act with extreme care in a delicate, risky or difficult situation

"Every double agent walks a tightrope — one moment of inconsistency, and the game is over."

go to ground

to hide or disappear in order to avoid being found — often after exposure or danger

"When the network was blown, the remaining operatives went to ground simultaneously — no contact, no movement, no communication for ninety days."

keep your cards close to your chest

to be very secretive about your intentions or information

"Sir David kept his cards close to his chest throughout the hearing — answering the committee's questions precisely enough to satisfy the law, not a word beyond."

play both sides

to take advantage of two opposing groups or parties simultaneously

"It was eventually established that the defector had been playing both sides for three years — passing disinformation to London while feeding genuine intelligence to Langley."

Part B — Match the Idiom to the Meaning

Idioms

1. a double-edged sword
2. blow someone's cover
3. walk a tightrope
4. come in from the cold
5. go to ground
6. play both sides
7. turn a blind eye
8. keep your cards close to your chest

Meanings

a. to reveal a secret identity accidentally
b. to return to safety after danger or exile
c. to ignore something wrong deliberately
d. to take advantage of two opposing groups
e. to have both benefits and serious drawbacks
f. to be extremely secretive about your plans
g. to act carefully in a dangerous situation
h. to hide in order to avoid discovery

Part C — Use the Idioms in Context

Fill in the gap with the correct idiom. Change the form where necessary.

1.After thirty years in the field, the officer was finally recalled. He was ready to __________________ — to live under his own name, in his own country, without the performance.

2.Every undercover officer must learn to __________________ between maintaining their cover story and remaining just plausible enough not to trigger suspicion.

3.A single mistake — a glance in the wrong direction at the border — was enough to __________________ and compromise everything she had built over five years.

4.During the committee hearing, the former Director General __________________ throughout — answering questions with the minimal information required by law.

5.When the operation was compromised, all six members of the network received a single pre-arranged signal and immediately __________________ — no contact for sixty days.

6.For years, senior officials __________________ to the illegal surveillance of allied nations' diplomats — it served everyone's interests to pretend it was not happening.

7.The expansion of signals intelligence is a __________________ : it gives governments unprecedented reach, but it also generates vast quantities of data that no analyst can meaningfully process.

8.The investigation eventually concluded that the agent had been __________________ for two years — providing each service with just enough genuine intelligence to maintain their trust.

Handout 3

Grammar

Six Advanced Structures — The Language of Intelligence and Statecraft

G1 — PASSIVE REPORTING
The natural register of intelligence discourse — claims that are alleged, reported or disputed, never confirmed.
It is alleged that the defector had been working for both services simultaneously.
The operation is said to have been compromised six months before the arrests.
The mole is believed to have passed thousands of classified documents before detection.
It has been reported that the handler was given forty-eight hours to leave the country.
Patterns: It is/has been alleged/claimed/reported THAT + clause · X is said/believed/alleged TO + inf or TO HAVE + pp

G2 — MIXED CONDITIONALS
Historical intelligence failures and their present consequences.
If the Cambridge Five hadn't been recruited in the 1930s, Cold War Western intelligence might be in a very different position today.
If Aldrich Ames hadn't sold those names to Moscow, those agents might still be alive.
If the Venona intercepts hadn't been decrypted, the full scale of Soviet penetration might never have come to light — and might still be unknown.
Structure: If + past perfect → would/might/could + bare infinitive (present consequence)

G3 — CLEFT SENTENCES
Analytical precision — isolating the element that carries the argument.
It is not the agent who takes the risk — it is the handler who carries the full weight of it.
It was not ideology but money that motivated most Cold War double agents in their final years.
What intelligence agencies fear most is not the enemy outside but the mole within.
What Philby understood — and what we find difficult to accept — is that ideological loyalty can outlast every other form.
It-clefts: It was/is [X] that/who… · Wh-clefts: What [X] is/was/does…

G4 — CONCESSION
Acknowledging complexity — the essential quality of serious intelligence analysis.
Despite the romanticisation of espionage, the reality is one of bureaucracy, patience and betrayal.
Even though international law prohibits it, surveillance of allied nations continues in every major intelligence alliance.
The reforms were extensive. Nevertheless, the structural vulnerabilities they were designed to address remain largely intact.
While digital intelligence offers unprecedented scale, it cannot replicate the judgement of a human source.

G5 — SUBJUNCTIVE
Institutional demands, operational requirements and formal recommendations.
It is imperative that the identity of every source be protected, regardless of the intelligence value.
The committee demanded that all communications be encrypted before any transmission abroad.
It is essential that the exfiltration operation proceed before the suspect's travel ban is imposed.
The service required that each operative memorise the emergency protocols before deployment.
Structure: that + subject + BASE FORM. Triggers: imperative / essential / vital / demand / require / insist

G6 — INVERSION
Rhetorical force in academic, political and intelligence discourse.
Rarely does an intelligence operation succeed without someone, somewhere, being betrayed.
Never before had a single mole caused such structural damage to an entire Western alliance.
Not only does digital surveillance fail to replicate human judgement, but it also creates a dangerous illusion of comprehension.
So deeply is the question of loyalty embedded in intelligence culture that no service has devised a reliable test for it.
Triggers: Not only · Rarely · Never (before) · So + adj · Not until · Seldom · Scarcely → invert auxiliary + subject

Exercise 1 — Label Each Sentence (G1–G6)

1.Rarely has the full operational cost of a single mole's betrayal been quantified in terms of human lives lost. [ ]

2.It is alleged that the officer had been passing intelligence to a foreign government for over a decade before detection. [ ]

3.Despite decades of counterintelligence reform, the fundamental vulnerability of human sources to ideological recruitment remains unaddressed. [ ]

4.What the Philby case demonstrated was not merely the existence of ideological traitors, but the institutional impossibility of identifying them in advance. [ ]

5.It is imperative that the identities of all human sources be expunged from the central registry before any external audit is permitted to proceed. [ ]

6.If GCHQ had not decrypted the Venona traffic in the late 1940s, the penetration of Western intelligence by Soviet agents might have continued for decades longer. [ ]

7.It was not the volume of intelligence passed to Moscow that made Philby so damaging — it was his access to the names of Western agents behind the Iron Curtain. [ ]

8.Not only does mass surveillance generate vast quantities of data, but it also creates significant legal and ethical liabilities for the governments that authorise it. [ ]

9.While the public debate focuses on digital intelligence, the intelligence community continues to regard human sources as irreplaceable in certain critical contexts. [ ]

10.The oversight committee insisted that all covert operations be reported within seventy-two hours of authorisation and that no exfiltration proceed without direct ministerial approval. [ ]

Exercise 2 — Rewrite Using the Structure Indicated

Keep the meaning. Use the structure in brackets.

1."People allege that the defector was working for both services at once." → ___________________________________________ [G1 — two ways]

2."Surveillance provides scale AND creates false confidence." → ___________________________________________ [G6 — Not only…]

3."Kim Philby caused the most devastating intelligence betrayal — that's the key point." → ___________________________________________ [G3 — two ways]

4."Every source must be protected. No name must be disclosed without authorisation." → ___________________________________________ [G5 — subjunctive]

5."Aldrich Ames sold those names to Moscow, so those agents are dead now." → ___________________________________________ [G2 — mixed conditional]

Exercise 3 — Concession: Choose the Best Connector

Use: despite · even though · nevertheless · while · in spite of

1.__________________ the extensive reforms implemented after the Cambridge Five scandal, the structural vulnerability that allowed their recruitment was never fully eliminated.

2.__________________ digital surveillance offers unprecedented reach, the intelligence community continues to regard human sources as irreplaceable in certain contexts.

3.The officer was never formally charged. __________________, his career was effectively ended the moment the investigation was opened.

4.__________________ some governments insist that their intelligence agencies operate within domestic law, the activities of those agencies abroad are governed by entirely different standards.

5.The defector's information proved largely accurate __________________ the obvious incentive he had to exaggerate its value.

Exercise 4 — Subjunctive: Correct the Error

1. "It is imperative that the identity of every human source is protected, regardless of operational pressure."

Corrected: ___________________________________________________________________

2. "The committee demanded that the operation is authorised at ministerial level before any deployment."

Corrected: ___________________________________________________________________

3. "The service required that all personnel are briefed on the emergency protocols before entering the field."

Corrected: ___________________________________________________________________

4. "It is essential that the exfiltration proceeds before the suspect's travel documents are revoked."

Corrected: ___________________________________________________________________

5. "The oversight body insisted that the committee is informed of all covert operations within seventy-two hours."

Corrected: ___________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5 — Inversion: Rewrite Using the Prompt

1."A defection has rarely caused such structural damage to an entire intelligence alliance." → Rarely ________________

2."Surveillance at scale provides pattern data AND creates the illusion that pattern constitutes understanding." → Not only ________________

3."A mole had never before operated at such seniority for so long without detection." → Never before ________________

4."The question of loyalty is so deeply embedded in intelligence culture that no service has devised a reliable test for it." → So deeply ________________

5."The full extent of the compromise only became apparent when the defector reached safety in London." → Not until ________________

Handout 4

Reading

Sir David Marsh · Retired Chief of Station, SIS (MI6) 1978–2003

On the gap

Let me begin with what I am not going to discuss. I am not going to discuss tradecraft. I am not going to give you gadgets, or car chases, or the particular pleasure of fiction, which is that everything resolves. What I can offer you is something rather less satisfying but considerably more accurate: an account of what intelligence work actually involves, and why the romanticisation of it — for which we have largely ourselves to blame — has done significant damage to public understanding of how democracies are protected, and at what cost. It is said that intelligence officers are born, not made. I can tell you that is not true. What an intelligence career makes you is a person who has learned to keep their cards close to their chest not merely as a professional habit but as a way of life.

On human intelligence

It is not the agent who takes the greatest risk in a covert operation. It is the handler — the officer responsible for the source's safety, for the quality of the intelligence they produce, and for the decision of when to exfiltrate them before the operation is blown. What makes this work morally serious — and what fiction consistently fails to represent — is that the handler is also the person who decides when to stop protecting the source: when the intelligence value no longer justifies the risk, or when the source has become a liability rather than an asset. Never before has a democracy satisfactorily resolved the question of what obligation a state owes to the individuals who risk their lives in its service.

On digital intelligence

I am frequently asked whether digital surveillance has rendered human intelligence obsolete. It has not — and I would argue it never will. Surveillance at scale provides pattern. It does not provide intention. Even though a signals intercept can tell you that two individuals communicated, it cannot tell you what they meant by what they said, or whether they knew they were being listened to. Despite all the resources invested in digital intelligence since 2001, the most consequential failures of that period were failures of human judgement — failures to place the right person in the right position, at the right moment, with the right question. Not only does the human source remain irreplaceable in certain critical contexts, but the continued pretence that technology can substitute for human presence walks a tightrope over a very considerable abyss.

After reading: (1) Find one example of each structure G1–G6 in the text. Label them. (2) Find two idioms from Handout 2 used in the text. (3) Write the central argument of each paragraph in one sentence.

Task 1 — Comprehension and Analysis

Write full sentences. Use advanced grammar where possible.

1.What does Sir David say has been damaged by the romanticisation of intelligence work?